What Was the First Alphabet

A slightly different question from what was the worlds first writing system? is what was the worlds first alphabet? Barry B. Powell in his 2009 publication provides invaluable insight into this question. Origin of the Word Alphabet West Semitic people from the eastern coast of the Mediterranean (where Phoenician and Hebrew groups lived) are usually credited with developing the worlds first alphabet. It was a short, 22-character list with (1) names and (2) a fixed order for characters that could (3) easily be memorized. This alphabet was spread by Phoenician traders and then modified by the inclusion of vowels by the Greeks, whose first 2 letters, alpha and beta were put together to form the name alphabet. In Hebrew, the first two letters of the abecedary (as in A-B-C) are, likewise, aleph and bet, but unlike the Greek letters, the Semitic alphabet lacked vowels: Aleph wasnt an /a/. In Egypt, too, writing has been found that uses only consonants. Egypt could be named as the nation with the first alphabet were the provision of vowels was considered unnecessary. Barry B. Powell says it is a misnomer to refer to the Semitic abecedary as an alphabet. Instead, he says the first alphabet is the Greek revision of Semitic syllabic writing. That is, an alphabet requires symbols for vowels. Without vowels, consonants cant be pronounced, so only partial information on how to read a passage is provided by just the consonants. Poetry as Inspiration for the Alphabet If the vowels are dropped from English sentences, while the consonants remain in their correct position with respect to the other consonants, literate, native English speakers can usually still understand it. For example, the following sentence: Mst ppl wlk. should be understood as: Most people walk. This may be opaque to someone not raised with English, perhaps especially if his native language is written without an alphabet. The first line of the Iliad in the same abbreviated form is unrecognizable: MNN D T PLD KLSMENIN AEIDE THEA PELEIADEO AKHILEOS Powell attributes the Greek invention of the first real alphabet to the need for vowels to transcribe the meter (dactylic hexameters) of the great epics, Iliad and Odyssey, attributed to Homer  and the works of Hesiod. Greek Modification of the Phoenician Symbols Although it is conventional to refer to the introduction of the vowels by the Greeks as an addition to the 22 consonants, Powell explains that some unknown Greek reinterpreted 5 of the Semitic signs as vowels, whose presence were required, in conjunction with any of the other, consonantal signs. Thus, the unknown Greek created the first alphabet. Powell says this was not a gradual process, but the invention of an individual. Powell is a Classical scholar with publications in Homer and mythology. From this background, he posits that its even possible the legendary Palamedes really did invent the (Greek) alphabet. The Greek alphabet originally had only 5 vowels; the additional, long ones were added over time. The Semitic Letters That Became Greek Vowels The aleph, he, heth (originally an /h/, but later long /e/), yod, ayin, and waw became the Greek vowels alpha, epsilon, eta, iota, omicron, and upsilon. Waw was also kept as a consonant called wau or digamma, and located in the alphabets order between epsilon and zeta.

Essay on The Negative Effects of Violent Video Games on...

â€Å"Life is a video game. No matter how good you get, you are always zapped in the end† (â€Å"Video Game Quotes† 1). Over time researchers, psychiatrists, and parents have often wondered how damaging violent video games can be to the youth in society. This is an important matter to people with children in their personal lives or work environment. These games have become a large risk factor for aggressive behavior in children. Researchers have been saying that video games do affect adults as well; however, they have even more effect on younger brains in early development. Video games have negative effects on childrens’ behavior. Some effects that video games have are reduced academic performance, aggression, obesity, and emotional disorder.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"High-school students who report spending more time playing video games or who report spending more money on video games had poorer grades in English classes† (Gentile, Lynch, Linder, Walsh 2). All young minds that play video games longer than the average time start to show a poor performance in school. These children start to think more about the video games they are watching and playing every day, rather than doing their homework and studying for tests. Aggression â€Å"Recent contents analyses of video games show that many as 89% of games contain some violent contents† (Gentile, Lynch, Linder, Walsh 3). More than half of video games being sold around the world contain some form of violence. All of the violence involved in the video games being played by children is a pattern leading to aggression. Aggression can be caused by many things; however, violent video games are the main cause of aggression in young adults. â€Å"If a child began playing violent video games at a young age, then he might think that violence in real life is the same as the game violence and that it doesn’t have a real impact on others† (Gilad, Alto 1). Thinking that violence in the virtual world is the same as in the real world is the first step to showing aggression. Aggression in children caused by video games is the biggest effect parents and researchers worry about. Violent video games teach children that shooting and killing people areShow More RelatedViolent Video Games : Positive And Negative Effects On Children And Adolescents774 Words   |  4 Pagesgaming systems, violent video games have become well-liked by children and adolescents. The playing of violent video games has always been a controversial topic, but in recent years it has become a heated debate. Whether the playing of these games desensitize the player or not. Video games have been around since the late 1970s, however violent video games were introduced in the 1990s. In recent years the violence in games have increased along with the enhanced graphics making the games more realisticRead MoreEffects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Violent Video Games on Children The use of video games has become tremendously popular among children and adolescents in the past decade. In fact, â€Å"Sixty-eight percent of U.S. households play computer or video games.† (David Jenkins, 2009) This statistic reveals how important it is to understand the effects that these games can have on individuals and more specifically, children. Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted investigating whether video games have positiveRead MoreThe True Cause Of Violent Behaviors1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe True Cause of Violent Behaviors in Today s Society There are volumes of media that are starting to harm the world in which we live. They have been linked to fourteen mass murders (Fletcher). Nine out of the top ten selling games have been labeled as violent and 42% of adolescents play them (â€Å"Children and Video Games†). These violent video games are a major problem in the United States and across the globe. Violent video games have a direct correlation with negative behaviors because they increaseRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Violent Video Games1534 Words   |  7 Pagescreation of violent video games. But, we can prevent the distribution of these disturbing games to children, where their effects can be negative.† (Kohl, Herb). Violent video games have been blamed for children poor school performance, mental development, and aggressive behavior; there are many studies conducted by different psychologists and experts in the area, and they came up with different results. Most people and studies believe that children a re the primary victim of violent video games, and peopleRead MoreEng 1011630 Words   |  7 PagesViolence in Music Videos and Music Lyrics has a negative impact on children. Music videos that expose profanity and sexuality are inappropriate and leave a negative impression on young children. Violence in music videos can cause health problem. Music videos that promote negative lyrics are affecting young children. Music lyrics with vulgar languages affect the development and well-being of young children. For example, the study author (Stone, 2009) found â€Å"that music with explicit referencesRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children s Behavior1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of violent video games on children’s behavior has been the major concern of numerous researchers over the last several decades. Indeed, a great number of researches conducted by psychologists show that regular exposure to violent video games has both long-term and short-term n egative effects on a player’s behavior. Aggressiveness and lack of empathy are considered to be two main outcomes of constant playing games with violent content. However, it should be noted that the content is notRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Violent Video Games Essays1274 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, and technology. All of these improvements have brought with them positive effects. Warfare has allowed oppressed people to rule themselves; medicine has saved countless lives with vaccines and treatment programs; education of societies has allowed people to make their dreams come true; and, advancements in technology have made the previous three possible. With these positive effects also come negative effects, which are seen on a grand scale. Advancement in warfare has caused numerous deathsRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Video Games Essay1337 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games began in the late 1960s. It is highly interactive but also a distinct simulation of the real world and the world of thinking. In recent years, Video games have been gaining its popularity at an amazing rate and have developed into a common form of entertainment in peoples lives. According to a survey, the researcher found that in 1992, approximately ninety-two percent of U.S. kids between 2 and 17 years of age play video games, and their parents bought 225 million of them last year toRead MoreVideo Games Positive And Negative Effects1317 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract In recent years, video games have played an important role in the field of education and in treating psychological patients. Video games are a form of self-indulgence, which often provide unique and engaging environments that train players to think fast and resourcefully. With the right design and mechanics, they can facilitate learning and cognitive thinking in diverse levels .Computer games can be used in children with mental health issues, psychological disorders and in chronic disordersRead MoreViolent Games And Violent Video Games1122 Words   |  5 PagesAs video game images become increasingly more realistic and graphic. Therefore, is there any link between the violence depicted in those games and violence in real life? Students are the main group people who played violent video games very often. Also, losing a game causes many people to have a negative impact. Last, the attitudes on violent game and antisocial. Games are everywhere around us, such as cellphones, televisions, or computers, but violent games are the most popular type of game. The

Human Resources Manager Job Analysis - 1135 Words

Human Resources Manager Job Analysis Job analysis means more than take and give information about tasks and requirements a position may have. This goes beyond that. In other words, this means to look for all the information necessary to describe a job. Job description is the result of a job analysis. That is why it is very crucial to identify very single thing that allow candidates and the company itself to agree of what is best for the company. If it is not well described, the company will lose not only money but also time. Also, the company could lose a future good worker or just hire someone who does not have all the requirements. Many activities should be reviewed in the job analysis for the human resources manager, such as job responsibilities, recruiting plans, skills, and experience. Job Responsibilities Companies and managers must analyze what will be the responsibilities future candidate should have. It is important and helpful to talk with the current employees about what they do in this required position (Heathfield, 2015). This is going to bring senior managers an idea of what to look for. Also, there are some other responsibilities that may be taken for the new worker. However, they need to consider and be careful to look at the needs of the organization in order not to do something wrong. In addition, it is good and necessary to ask the candidate to do daily reports. It would be much better to ask him or she to take information from others departments and seeShow MoreRelatedJob Analysis: Human Resource Manager at Johnson Enterprises1797 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Manager at Johnson Enterprises Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Human Resource Manager at Johnson Enterprises Define and describe a job analysis Job analysis refers to the process of data collection to describe verifiable work characteristics and behaviors of the working environment. Information regarding all jobs is used as a basis for making decisions about setting salaries and wage rates, performance appraisals, developing and training of employees, classifying jobs andRead MoreThe Human Resource Management Department Of The Company988 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to developing a job analysis and job description of a company the human resource management department of the company has an impactful position to assess and develop the organization human capital needs. To have an effective job description, the human resource management of a company should conduct and effective job analysis, which is the systematic process of collecting information that identifies similarities and differences in the work (Book). A manufacturing plant that employsRead MoreHuman Resource Requirements : Human Resources895 Words   |à ‚  4 Pagesanalysed to determine human resources requirements. Human Resource: Human resource is one of the most important components of any business entity. Managing the human resource is becoming one of the most difficult challenges for the organisations all across the world. To make sure organisations have full strength in the term of human resource â€Å"Human Resource Plans† become the integral part of management planning process. Determining the kind of requirement of human resources for any business entityRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Risk Management1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Resource Management/Risk Management Interface Like risk, human resources are pervasive in the business. Human resource management is most effective when integrated with decision making throughout the business. This leads to recognition that each production, financial, and marketing decision has a human component or influence. Which choice is made, how the decision is carried out, the follow-up and monitoring depend on people. Isolating management team and employee issues from productionRead MoreJob Analysis For The Hr Manager Position1203 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific job analysis procedure that I would utilize to develop the job description for the HR manager position. To begin, the definition of a job analysis provided in our textbook is: â€Å"Job analysis is the systematic process of collecting information that identifies similarities and differences in the work.† (Milkovich, Newman, Gerhart, 2014, p. 103). I also found a definition on HR-Guide.com that summarize an important description of the job analysis. The web site states; â€Å"Job Analysis is a processRead MoreHow Strategic Management Plan And The Human Resource Planning Process1410 Words   |  6 Pagesto analyze on an ongoing basis to enhance the strategic plan of the organization. The relationship between the eight elements of the staffing process and the human resource planning process helps to determine where there may be a problem and what is needed to bring about a long-term solution. Another approach connected to the human resource planning activities is the organization‘s strategic development and implementation as charted in our text by Plunkett, Allen, and Attner, (2013). As we examineRead MoreAssignment #1- Hrm Capstone 5991393 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the human resource manager’s role from the human resource manager’s viewpoint. From a human resource manager’s viewpoint, their role focuses on managing, recruiting, and developing their organization for success from the inside out. Their role is pivotal in managing their most important asset: employees and in doing so, their job causes them to be knowledgeable with every human resource discipline. Human resource managers are responsible for developing strategic solutions to employment-relatedRead MoreHuman Resource Activities and Strategies1599 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract: Nowadays, human resource management strategies became an essential part in an organization. Just like other strategies as marketing strategies or manufacturing strategies, human resource management strategies is functional strategies and they guide the actions to be taken within a specific function. For example, some HR activities like recruitment, selection training and development are guided by an organization’s HRM strategies. In any organization, functional strategies aim to supportRead MoreSelection System Of Human Resource Management1208 Words   |  5 Pagesin human resource management is combination of tools and procedures used in choosing a person who is qualified for a certain role, who can successfully bring valuable contributions to an organization (Foot, Hook, Jenkins, 2016). An effective selection system is fundamentally based on job analysis so that the selection tools utilized in the recruitment process add value to the organization. This selection system provides a framework for recruiting an accountant, and it provides job analysis forRead MoreHr of Honda816 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual assignment Student: Nguyen Anh Vu Class: EMBA10A Subject: Human Resource Management in Honda Vietnam – Planning and Job design 1. Honda HR planning Human resource planning uses data from the analysis of labor supply and demand to forecast the shortages and surpluses of labor force. In order to build an effective human resource planning, â€Å"the organization needs to identify the appropriate goals† and â€Å"formulate and implement a planning process gathered†. A model overview the whole

Sigmund Freud’s Tale of the Unconscious Mind

Question: Discuss about the Sigmund Freuds Tale of the Unconscious Mind. Answer: Sigmund Freud, a psychologist came up with his study on psychoanalysis, a psychological branch that deals with the study of unconscious mind and the ways a subconscious mind influences the activities that needs to be consummated in regular life among all the interactions (van der Hart, 2016). Freud suggested that each human being possess an evil that is suppressed in his or her subconscious, an evil that can be easily realised and can be witnessed in every single person. This world is full of beauty on one side and cruelty on the other. As per Bargh, (2014), every day one can witness the malevolent and benevolent actions taking place irrespective of the situation, where malevolent action is depicted at much bigger rate. According to Freud, (2013), there is existence of enough people in this planet who have stronger sense of repression of the evil and are less exaggerated as observed in article 1. For example, murderers are never able to repress what normal human beings are capable of doing, but one cannot deny the fact that spiteful energy exists in each people. Freud described the functioning of unconscious mind through modifying his own theories over a period of almost 50 years, in an attempt to treat his patients suffering from mental problems. Through hypnosis, Freud explained that a therapist investigates the unconscious mind of the patient while it remains exposed in this hypnosis state. This brings out the unconscious mind and the thoughts existing in it ready to be supervised. According to me, Sigmund Freud failed to take into account the environments impact on an individual throughout his theory. Simon Freud became conscious of the suppressed feeling that people have. The evil that people are born with can be witnessed in many past examples, like prosecution of Jews by the Nazi Germany, Pol Pot and Cambodia. These are some of the events that majority of the people know, however, there are many cryptic events that people do not have any knowledge of. The limitation of Cherrys article lies in the fact that it does not take into account the negative aspects of the Freudian theory of the unconscious mind and the adaptive unconscious notion of the modern era, which has been focused by Saul McLeod though. Freuds theory is not backed up by any experimental data and researches have stared focusing on the scientific aspects of his ideas which led them to conclude that many of his theories are unable to be supported. As per my opinion, his theories were mostly based on pathological facts rather than the normal and healthy ones with no proper attention given to environment and culture. According to Saul, Freud underestimated the importance of unconscious and his iceberg analogy illustrated figuratively that there is bigger portion of the mind under water. The iceberg analogy can be used as a metaphor in understanding Freuds topographical theory which states that only 10% of an iceberg is visible (conscious mind), whereas, the remaining 90% is beneath the water (unconscious and preconscious mind). Moreover, the preconscious mind is only selected for approximately 10-15% of the whole part, whereas, the unconscious part is chosen for around 80-85% of the total part. This signifies that the small amount of iceberg on top of the surface symbolizes the conscious mind and the bigger mass below the surface is the unconscious mind. All the awareness is being hold by the unconscious mind along with the feelings and memories falling out of conscious awareness. In my opinion, in Sauls article, there is this primitive urge of Freud in protecting individuals from facing anxiety. In case of the modern technique mentioned in the other article of Cherry, I found out that it states that adaptive unconsciousness is that information which is processed on the outskirts of the conscious mind of humans for reasons related to competence rather than the repression factor. Reference: Bargh, J. A. (2014). Our unconscious mind.Scientific American,310(1), 30-37. Freud, S. (2013). Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Theory.Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health: Core Concepts and Clinical Practice, 111. Hall, C. S. (2016).A primer of Freudian psychology. Pickle Partners Publishing. van der Hart, O. (2016). Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud, and dissociation of the personality.The Dissociative Mind in Psychoanalysis: Understanding and Working With Trauma,74, 44.